Type of tool's effect on browning of apples

Problem: Do apples bown faster or slower because of which kind of knife we use?

Research: Apples brown because of the chemicals inside of them. How fast an apple browns depends on what you use to cut it

Hypothesis: Ceramic cut apples will brown slower than teeth cut or metal cut apples

Materials: Yourself, a serrated knife, a ceramic knife, a plain metal knife & one apple

Procedure: 1) Cut an apple in four different ways: bit, plain metal knife, serrated knife and ceramic knife.  2) Label each. This is very important because otherwise you might get them mixed up.  3) Set timer for 15 minutes. 4) Check every 15 minutes and take photos.  After one hour create a graph with your data to illustrate which one browned the most and least. 

Conclusion: My hypothesis was supported by the data.  There is observable difference between the ceramic and other kinds of cuts.

Application: Cut your apples with ceramic knives if you want them to brown more slowly.

Future Experiments Include: Will it be the same with different types of apples? Will it be the same with different amounts of apples? 

Hoping to see you soon, Lp

Hurricane dancers

Hurricane Dancers by Margarita Engle

Quick sketches to catch the rich visual language

Hex flew high above our planet. Back then, it was nothing but a large, white ball. There was nothing but water. As Hex's job to create planets, she was very busy. This was how her day normally went like: chose a ball, lay an egg, egg cracks on surface of ball and splits open. Egg forms landscape, Hex finishes the job. Sounds easy? Imagine doing that 100 times a day. Poor Hex. She laid the egg, and it landed with a crunch. (ooh. ouch.)Hex had been hoping that a watery surface would be more gentle on her egg. Apparently not. She flinched. As the egg cracked, all the yolk and white spilled out. Hex's egg was not large enough to cover the  earth, so some water was left uncovered, forming lakes, rivers, ponds, seas, and oceans. Hex flew down and landed with a thump. She pecked and scratched, making hills and mountains, valleys and caves. She planted seeds, she put a lightning bug into the sky to become the sun, and a beetle to become the moon. She sculpted clay into chickens, people, cats, wolves, dogs, rabbits, mice, hawks, foxes, lizards, snakes, and many more. 

Hurricane Dancers

Ancestorthe oldeset people in your family tree
example: great-great-great(x 1,000) grandparents!!! Conquistadorsombody who counquers land
Raucousvery harsh

Why study history

I HAVE NO IDEA WHY I HAVE TO STUDY HISTORY

Well, one of the reasons I study history

it can help us be more fair.  if you don't know about it, it can be unfair. Example, your brother gets a lollipop. you say, tomorrow you can have the lollipop. Then the next day, your brother grabs the lollipop but I remind him that yesterday he got the lollipop. So he lets me have it.  It has a happy ending.

it helps us follow through on our promises/builds integrity

(our government has no sense of history)

if it happened once, it can happen again.  if we aren't paying attention, we aren't learning from what has happened before

it helps us learn from past failures and successes
the pipeline.  the people who are building the pipeline say it is safe & won't leak.  In 2010 a pipeline spill in North Dakota leaked over 800,00 gallons of crude oil onto farmland.  Pipelines leak. Things break down.  It is a fact.

history helps us make better points and build better arguments 

history helps us understand, appreciate and protect our land.

history helps us understand, appreciate and exercise our rights was slavery fair? was it fair how the government and society treated and sometimes still treats people from different races than us? if someone says that an entire group of people, if somebody says all arabs are murderers and liars. Each person has their own personality. you can't assume that all arabs are anything. How do you know?

how has studying history helped in the fight for marriage equality? 

Gays have had to fight for their rights for a long time.  If we don't pay attention to how gays have fought and just paid attention to their most recent struggles how could we know how much protesting they have done. And how would we know how strong they are. history inspires us to keep struggling and reminds us that we are strong.

History showed us that "marriage" has changed frequently.  It is not a "natural, unchanging law." It is created by people and governments and institutions.  They have changed it before.  It can change again. If it happened once, it can happen again. 
(i can escape my mom's hugs.  i can escape oppression)
Questioning history matters.  Who is telling the story? What are they leaving out? Who has the power to tell the story?

Oppression

Oppression: (noun) unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power.  Being unjust.

Zinn chpt 1

Define Genocide
A attempt to wipe out an entire group of 
people. 

What are primary sources?
people who have experienced the 
disaster for themselves.

What might Eunice Williams say to her father when he came to collect her from the Mohawks?
no thanks, i've seen this war from the 
Mohawks side, not coming nope you're
 horrible. I am treated better here, so if
you think i'm coming with you, you 
must be loopy.